Surveying - “USE OF DUMPY LEVEL, AUTO LEVEL AND TILTING LEVEL”

 

E-Open Access Resources: Enhancing Learning and Research Opportunities

 E-Open Access Resources: Enhancing Learning and Research Opportunities

In today's digital age, access to information and educational resources is crucial for learning and research. Fortunately, there is a vast array of e-Open Access Resources available to students, researchers, and educators. These resources provide free and open access to a wide range of educational materials, including textbooks, courses, journals, and more. Let's explore some of the most valuable e-Open Access Resources that can enhance learning and research opportunities for everyone.

In the digital era, access to knowledge has never been easier, thanks to the proliferation of E-Open Access Resources. These resources offer a treasure trove of educational materials, from textbooks to online courses, all freely accessible to learners worldwide. Here's a curated list of some of the most valuable E-Open Access Resources:

1. National Digital Library

   URL: https://ndl.iitkgp.ac.in/

   Boasting a vast collection of academic resources, including textbooks, articles, and research papers, the National Digital Library is a go-to destination for learners seeking quality educational materials.

2. SWAYAM Online Courses

   URL: https://storage.googleapis.com/uniquecourses/online.html

   SWAYAM offers an extensive array of online courses across various disciplines, empowering learners to enhance their skills and knowledge from anywhere with an internet connection.

3. National Knowledge Network

   URL: https://nkn.gov.in/

   Facilitating seamless connectivity among educational and research institutions in India, the National Knowledge Network fosters collaboration and knowledge exchange through high-speed internet access and digital resources.

4. NPTEL

   URL: https://nptel.ac.in

   NPTEL provides free online courses and study materials spanning engineering, science, and humanities disciplines, curated by esteemed professors from premier Indian institutions.

5. HInfoPort

   URL: https://infoport.inflibnet.ac.in/

   HInfoPort serves as a gateway to a diverse range of academic resources, including journals, articles, and research papers, catering to the research needs of scholars across various domains.

6. Talks to Teacher

   URL: https://www.ted.com/playlists/182/talks_from_inspiring_teachers

   Talks to Teacher offers an inspiring collection of educational talks delivered by renowned educators, covering a myriad of topics to ignite curiosity and foster learning.

7. Virtual Labs

   URL: https://www.vlab.co.in/

   Virtual Labs provide students with an immersive platform to conduct virtual experiments in subjects such as physics, chemistry, and biology, facilitating hands-on learning experiences.

8. FOSSEE

   URL: https://fossee.in/

   FOSSEE promotes the use of open-source software in education and research, offering free access to a plethora of software tools and resources to support learning and innovation.

9. Spoken Tutorial

   URL: https://spoken-tutorial.org/

   Spoken Tutorial offers comprehensive tutorials on various software tools and programming languages, catering to beginners and enthusiasts looking to enhance their technical skills.

10. e-Yantra

    URL: https://www.e-yantra.org/

    e-Yantra aims to foster robotics education in India by providing free resources and training materials to students and educators interested in exploring the field of robotics.

11. Oscar++

    URL: https:////www.it.iitb.ac.in/oscar/

    Oscar++ is a platform that offers a wide range of educational resources and tools, catering to the learning needs of students and educators across various domains.

12. E-Kalpa

    URL: https://icar.org.in/content/e-kalpa

    E-Kalpa provides access to a wealth of educational resources and digital content, supporting learning and research endeavors in the field of agriculture and related disciplines.

13. NCERT Text Books

    URL: http://ncert.nic.in/textbook/textbook.htm

    NCERT Text Books offer a comprehensive collection of textbooks and educational materials for students across various grades and subjects, facilitating holistic learning experiences.

14. Directory of Open Access Books

    URL: https://www.doabooks.org/

    The Directory of Open Access Books provides a vast repository of open-access books spanning diverse subjects and disciplines, offering readers unrestricted access to scholarly literature.

15. Directory of Open Access Journals

    URL: https://doaj.org/

    The Directory of Open Access Journals hosts a wide array of scholarly journals covering various fields and subjects, enabling researchers to access high-quality, peer-reviewed articles.

16. Open Knowledge Repository — World Bank

    URL: https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/

    The Open Knowledge Repository by the World Bank offers a wealth of research papers, reports, and publications on global development issues, facilitating evidence-based policymaking and research.

17. UG/PG MOOCs

    URL: http://ugcmoocs.inflibnet.ac.in/ugcmoocs/moocs_courses.php

    UG/PG MOOCs provide a platform for students to access Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) across various undergraduate and postgraduate disciplines, enhancing learning opportunities.

18. e-PG Pathshala

    URL: https://epgp.inflibnet.ac.in/

    e-PG Pathshala offers a curated collection of postgraduate-level e-content in various subjects, catering to the learning needs of students pursuing higher education.

19. IEEE http://ieeexplore.ieee.org 20. DELNET http://www.delnet.in 21. Science Direct https://www.sciencedirect.com 22. Turnitin- plagiarism detection https://www.turnitin.com/login_page.asp?lang=en_us 23 J-Gate Science and technology https://jgateplus.com/

These e-Open Access Resources play a crucial role in enhancing learning and research opportunities for students, researchers, and educators. By providing free and open access to educational materials, these resources contribute to the advancement of knowledge and the overall development of society.

Green Building: A Sustainable Approach to Construction

  Green Building: A Sustainable Approach to Construction

In the pursuit of sustainable development, the construction industry has undergone a significant transformation towards adopting eco-friendly practices. One of the most prominent initiatives in this regard is the concept of green building. But what exactly is a green building, and why is it gaining traction worldwide?

Defining Green Building:

A green building, simply put, is a structure that prioritizes environmental responsibility and resource efficiency throughout its lifecycle – from design and construction to operation and demolition. Unlike conventional buildings, which often contribute to environmental degradation and resource depletion, green buildings aim to minimize their negative impacts and maximize their positive contributions to the planet.

Key Features of Green Homes and Sustainable Construction:

Sustainable Site Planning:

Careful site selection, soil conservation, and preservation of existing site features are essential components of sustainable site planning. This includes minimizing disruption to natural ecosystems and harnessing the benefits of the prevailing micro-climate.

Water Conservation Techniques:

Green buildings incorporate water-efficient fixtures, rainwater harvesting systems, and wastewater recycling technologies to minimize water consumption and reduce the strain on municipal water supplies.

Energy Efficiency Measures:

Energy-efficient design features, such as proper insulation, efficient HVAC systems, and renewable energy integration, help reduce energy consumption and lower utility bills for occupants.

Waste Reduction and Recycling:

Green buildings prioritize waste reduction through efficient construction practices, materials recycling, and on-site waste-to-resource strategies, minimizing their impact on landfills and municipal waste management facilities.

Use of Eco-friendly Materials:

From low-VOC paints and adhesives to recycled building materials and sustainable wood products, green buildings prioritize the use of eco-friendly materials that minimize environmental impact and promote indoor air quality.

Renewable Energy Integration:

Utilizing renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and biomass helps green buildings reduce their reliance on fossil fuels and contribute to the transition towards clean energy.

Benefits of Green Homes:

Energy Savings: Green buildings consume significantly less energy than conventional buildings, resulting in lower utility bills for occupants.

Water Efficiency: By incorporating water-saving technologies, green buildings reduce water consumption and contribute to water conservation efforts.

Waste Reduction: Green buildings minimize waste generation and promote materials recycling, reducing their environmental footprint.

Improved Indoor Air Quality: Eco-friendly materials and ventilation systems enhance indoor air quality, creating healthier living and working environments.

Marketability and Image: Green buildings are increasingly valued in the real estate market for their sustainability credentials, attracting environmentally conscious buyers and tenants.

In conclusion, green building practices offer a sustainable path forward for the construction industry, promoting resource efficiency, environmental stewardship, and occupant well-being. By embracing the principles of green building, we can create healthier, more resilient communities while safeguarding the planet for future generations.

Design of Doubly Reinforced Beam -Working Stress Method

Design of Doubly Reinforced Beam -Working Stress Method

 Design a doubly reinforced beam of section 240X500mm to carry a bending moment of 80kNm.Assume clear cover at top a bottom as 30mm and take m=18.adopt working stress method. Assume the permissible stressed in the concrete and steel are not to exceed 5N/mm2 and 140 N/mm2 . 

Step 1: Design constants.

  Modular ratio, m=18. 

 A Coefficient n σbc.m/(σbc.m + σst) 0.39 

 Lever arm Coefficient, j=1-(n/3) = 0.87 

 Moment of resistance Coefficient Q σbc/2. n. j =0.84 

Step 2: Moment on the beam. M = 80kNm

 M = Qbd2 

D = 500mm, b = 240mm d = 500-30mm = 470mm .

Step 3: Balanced Moment. 

Mbal = Qbd2 = 0.84x240x4702 = 44.53kNm. < M. it can be designed as doubly reinforced section.

 Step 4: Area of Tension steel. 

Ast = Ast1 + Ast2 

Ast1 = Mbal / (σst.j.d) (44.53x106 )/(140x0.87x470) = 777.87mm2 

Use 20mm dia bars ast π/4 (202 ) = 314.15mm2 

No. of bars = Ast/ast = 777.87/314.15 = 2.47 say 3nos. 

Ast2 = (M-Mbal) / (σst.(d-d 1 )) = (80x106 -44.53x106 )/(140x(470-30)) = 575.8mm2 

Use 20mm dia bars ast π/4 (202 ) = 314.15mm2 

No. of bars = Ast/ast = 575.8/314.15 = 1.8 say 2nos. 

 Step 5: Area of Compressionsteel:

 Asc = (M-Mbal) / (σsc.(d-d 1 )) = (80x106 -44.53x106 )/(51.8x(470-30))=1580.65 mm2 

Use 20mm dia bars ast π/4 (202 ) = 314.15mm2 

No. of bars = Ast/ast = 1580.65/314.15 = 5.5 say 6nos. 

 Provide 6#20mm dia bars as compression reinforcement.

 

Design of Singly Reinforced Beam -Working Stress Method

Design of Singly Reinforced Beam -WSM
 Design Problems: 

 Design a R.C beam to carry a load of 6 kN/m inclusive of its own weight on an effect span of 6m keep the breath to be 2/3 rd of the effective depth .the permissible stressed in the concrete and steel are not to exceed 5N/mm2 and 140 N/mm2 .take m=18. 

 Step 1: Design constants. 

 Modular ratio, m=18.

  A Coefficient n σbc.m/(σbc.m + σst) 0.39 

 Lever arm Coefficient, j=1-(n/3) = 0.87 

 Moment of resistance Coefficient Q σbc/2. n. j 0.84

 Step 2: Moment on the beam. M = (w.l2 )/8 = (6x62 )/8 = 27kNm

 M = Qbd2 d 2 = M/Qb = (27x106 )/ (0.84x2/3xd) d = 245mm. 

Step 3: Balanced Moment. Mbal = Qbd2 = 0.84x245x3652 = 27.41kNm. > M. it can be designed as singly reinforced section. 

Step 4: Area of steel. Ast = Mbal / (σst.j.d) 616.72mm2 

Use 20mm dia bars ast π/4 (202 ) = 314.15mm2 

No. of bars = Ast/ast = 616.72/314.15 = 1.96 say 2nos. 

 Provide 2#20mm dia bars at the tension side.

Design a beam subjected to a bending moment of 40kNm by working stress design. Adopt width of beam equal to half the effective depth. 

 Assume the permissible stressed in the concrete and steel are not to exceed 5N/mm2 and 140 N/mm2 .take m=18. 

Step 1: Design constants. 

 Modular ratio, m=18. 

 A Coefficient n σbc.m/(σbc.m + σst) 0.39 

 Lever arm Coefficient, j=1-(n/3) = 0.87 

 Moment of resistanceCoefficient Q σbc/2. n. j 0.84

 Step 2: Moment on the beam. 

M = 40kNm 

M = Qbd2 

d2= M/Qb 

= (40x106 )/ (0.84x1/2xd) 

 d = 456.2 say 460 mm. 

b = ½ d = 0.5x460 = 230mm 

 Step 3: Balanced Moment. Mbal = Qbd2 

= 0.84x230x4602 = 40.88kNm. > M. it can be designed as singly reinforced section. 

Step 4: Area of steel. Ast = Mbal / (σst.j.d) 

=(40.88x106 )/(140x0.87x460) = 729.64mm2 

Use 20mm dia bars ast π/4 (202 ) = 314.15mm2 

No. of bars = Ast/ast = 729.64/314.15 = 2.96 say 3nos. 

 Provide 3#20mm dia bars at the tension side. 

Determine the moment of resistance of a singly reinforced beam 160X300mm effective section, if the stress in steel and concrete are not to exceed 140N/mm2 and 5N/mm2 .effective span of the beam is 5m and the beam carries 4 nos of 16mm dia bars. Take m=18.find also the minimum load the bam can carry. Use WSD method.

Step 1: Actual NA. 

b xa2 /2 = m.Ast.(d- xa) 160. xa2 /2 

= 18 X 804.24(300 –xa) Xa = 159.42mm 

Step 2: Critical NA. 

xc σbc.d/(σst/.m + σcbc) 117.39mm < Xa 159.42mm it is Over reinforced Section. 

Step 3: Moment of Resistance 

M =(b. xa/2 .σcbc )(d- xa/3) 

= (160x159.42/2x5)(300-159.42/3)

 = 15.74kNm

 Step 4: Safe load. M = (w.l2 )/8 W = (8 x 15.74)/52 = 5.03 kN/m

Design of RCC Slab -Limit Stress Method

Design of RCC Slab -Limit Stress Method

Design an interior panel of RC slab 3mX6m size, supported by wall of 300mm thick. Live load on the slab is 2.5kN/m2 .the slab carries 100mm thick lime concrete (density 19kN/m3 ).Use M15 concrete and Fe 415 steel.

Step 1: Type of Slab. ly/lx = 6/3 = 2 = 2.

it has to be designed as two way slab.

 Step 2:Effective depth calculation. 

For Economic consideration adopt shorter span to design the slab.

 d = span/(basic value x modification factor) 

= 3000/(20x0.95) = 270mm

 D = 270 + 20 + 10/2 = 295mm 

Step 3: Effective Span. 

For shorter span: Le = clear span + effective depth

 = 3000 + 270 = 3.27m 

(or) 

 Le =c/c distance b/w supports = 3000 + 2(230/2) =3.23m

Adopt effective span = 3.23m least value.

 For longer span: 

Le = clear span + effective depth = 6000 + 270 = 6.27m

 (or)

 Le =c/c distance b/w supports 

= 6000 + 2(230/2) = 6.23m 

 Adopt effective span = 6.23m least value. 

Step 4: load calculation 

Live load = 2.5kN/m2 

Dead load = 1x1x0.27x25 = 6.75kN/m2 

Dead load = 1x1x0.1x19 = 1.9kN/m2 

Floor Finish = 1kN/m2 

Total load = 12.15kN/m2 

Factored load = 12.15 x 1.5 = 18.225kN/m2 

Step 5: Moment calculation.

 Mx αx . w . lx 0.103x18.225x3.23 = 9.49kNm 

 My αy . w. lx 0.048 x18.225x3.23 = 4.425kNm 

Step 6: Check for effective depth. 

M = Qbd2

 d2 = M/Qb = 9.49/2.76x1 = 149.39mm say 150mm.

 For design consideration adopt d = 150mm. 

Step 7: Area of Steel. 

For longer span: 

Mu = 0.87 fy Ast d (1- (fy ast)/(fck b d)) 

4.425x106 = 087x415xAstx150(1-(415 Ast)/(20x1000x150))

 Ast = 180mm2 

Use 10mm dia bars 

Spacing ,S = ast/Astx1000 = (78.53/300)1000 = 261mm say 260mmc/c 

 Provide 10mm dia @260mm c/c.

 For shorter span: 

Mu = 0.87 fy Ast d (1- (fy ast)/(fck b d))

 9.49x106 = 087x415xAstx150(1-(415 Ast)/(20x1000x150)) 

Ast = 200mm2 Use 10mm dia bars Spacing ,

S = ast/Astx1000 = (78.53/300)1000 = 281mm say 300mmc/c 

 Provide 10mm dia @300mm c/c